.follow-link-icon,.icon-error,.icon-mathjax,.icon-pdf,.icon-pdfs,.icon-contains-for-purchase-open-access,.icon-contains-subscribed-open-access,.icon-for-purchase-access,.icon-no-access,.icon-open-access,.icon-subscribed-access,.header-mobilemenu-icon,.header-mobilesearch-icon,.header-profile-sign-inout>a[aria-expanded="true"] .icon,.header-profile-sign-inout .icon,.homesearch-quick input[type="submit"],.browse-quicklinks-rewind,.browse-quicklinks-forward,.search-mobile-refine .btn-icon,.search-mobile-order .btn-icon,.search-facets-close,.search-results-export .btn-icon,.icon-expandable,[aria-expanded="true"] .icon-expandable,.quicksearch input[type="submit"],.display-per-page .btn-icon,.library-banner-close{background-color:transparent;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.follow-link-icon,.icon-error,.icon-mathjax,.icon-pdf,.icon-pdfs,.icon-contains-for-purchase-open-access,.icon-contains-subscribed-open-access,.icon-for-purchase-access,.icon-no-access,.icon-open-access,.icon-subscribed-access,.browse-quicklinks-rewind,.browse-quicklinks-forward,.icon-expandable,[aria-expanded="true"] .icon-expandable,.quicksearch input[type="submit"],.display-per-page .btn-icon,.icon-error,.icon-contains-for-purchase-open-access,.icon-contains-subscribed-open-access,.icon-for-purchase-access,.icon-no-access,.icon-open-access,.icon-subscribed-access{height:1rem;width:1rem}.icon-error{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.header-profile-sign-inout>a[aria-expanded="true"] .icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiIHN0YW5kYWxvbmU9Im5vIj8+CjxzdmcKIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIKIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIKIHdpZHRoPSI5IgogaGVpZ2h0PSI5Ij4KPHBhdGggZmlsbD0iIzcwNzA3MCIgZD0iTSAyLDUgMiw0IDcsNCA3LDUgeiIgLz4KPHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI2M5YzljOSIgZD0iTSAwLDAgMCw5IDksOSA5LDAgeiBNIDEsMSA4LDEgOCw4IDEsOCB6IiAvPgo8L3N2Zz4K")}.header-profile-sign-inout .icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgd2lkdGg9IjkiIGhlaWdodD0iOSI+CjxwYXRoIGZpbGw9IiM3MDcwNzAiIGQ9Ik0gNSw3IDQsNyA0LDUgMiw1IDIsNCA0LDQgNCwyIDUsMiA1LDQgNyw0IDcsNSA1LDUgeiIgLz4KPHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI2M5YzljOSIgZD0iTSAwLDAgMCw5IDksOSA5LDAgeiBNIDEsMSA4LDEgOCw4IDEsOCB6Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPgo=")}.homesearch-quick input[type="submit"],.quicksearch input[type="submit"]{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.follow-link-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTYiIGhlaWdodD0iMTYiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNiAxNiIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNNC40NTIgMGwtMS4yNiAxLjI2MSA2LjczOSA2LjczOS02LjczOSA2Ljc0IDEuMjYgMS4yNiA4LTgtOC04eiIgZmlsbD0iI2ZmZmZmZiIvPjwvc3ZnPgo=")}@-webkit-keyframes spin{100%{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg);transform:rotate(360deg)}}@keyframes spin{100%{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg);transform:rotate(360deg)}}html{font-family:Arial, Helvetica, Lucida Sans Unicode, Microsoft Sans Serif, Segoe UI Symbol, STIXGeneral, Cambria Math, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif}html.flag-sans-nexus{font-family:Nexus Sans, Arial, Helvetica, Lucida Sans Unicode, Microsoft Sans Serif, Segoe UI Symbol, STIXGeneral, Cambria Math, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif}.header-content:before,.browse-subject:before,.index:before,.openaccess:before,.extra:before,.quicksearch-form:before,.header-content:after,.browse-subject:after,.index:after,.openaccess:after,.extra:after,.quicksearch-form:after{content:" ";display:table}.browse-subject:after,.index:after,.openaccess:after,.extra:after,.quicksearch-form:after{clear:both;position:relative}.offscreen,.skipnavigation{border:0 none;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}.homesearch,.footer{margin-left:-8px;margin-right:-8px}@media (min-width: 591px){.homesearch,.openaccess,.footer{margin-left:-24px;margin-right:-24px}}.homesearch-fullwidth,.openaccess-fullwidth,.footer-content{padding-left:8px;padding-right:8px}@media (min-width: 591px){.homesearch-fullwidth,.openaccess-fullwidth,.footer-content{padding-left:24px;padding-right:24px}}*{box-sizing:border-box}html{line-height:1.25;margin:0;padding:0;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;text-size-adjust:100%;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}body{background-color:#fff;color:#303030;margin:auto;overflow-x:hidden;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s;transition:transform 0.3s;word-wrap:break-word;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}.fixed-width-container{margin:auto;max-width:1440px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px}@media (max-width: 600px){.fixed-width-container{padding-left:8px;padding-right:8px}}@media (min-width: 1120px){.fixed-width-container{padding-left:24px;padding-right:24px}}input[type=text]{border-radius:3px}input:placeholder{color:#666}b,i{font:inherit}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,li,ol,p,td,th,ul{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;margin:0;padding:0}sub,sup{line-height:1}form{display:inline;margin:0;padding:0}ol,ul{list-style:none}button,input,select{font:inherit}img{border:0}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}.is-hidden{display:none !important}a{color:#316c9d;text-decoration:none;word-break:normal}a:active,a:hover{color:#316c9d}a:active,a:focus,a:hover{color:#316c9d;text-decoration:underline}a:visited{color:#316c9d}::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#5c5c5c;font-style:italic;text-overflow:ellipsis}:-moz-placeholder{color:#5c5c5c;font-style:italic;text-overflow:ellipsis}::-moz-placeholder{color:#5c5c5c;font-style:italic;text-overflow:ellipsis}:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#5c5c5c;font-style:italic;text-overflow:ellipsis}#ie8msg{background-color:#FFFFCC;border:1px solid #FFCC99;padding:6px 50px 6px 0px;right:0;text-align:center;top:0;z-index:9999;font-size:0.8em}.homesearch-quick-advanced,.browse-quicklinks,.citation,.extra-column,.footer,.quicksearch-advanced{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.285}.openaccess-links,.extra-list,.footer-links{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.428}.browse-subject-subtitle,.index-title,.extra-title{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25}.homesearch-motd-subtitle{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.444}.browse-subject-title,.openaccess-title{font-size:1.375rem;line-height:1.363}.homesearch-motd-title{font-size:2rem;line-height:1.363}.workspace .article-container-caption,.article-container-caption .article-container-caption{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.t-table{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%}.t-row{display:table-row}.adaptive{content:'col3'}@media (min-width: 383px){.adaptive{content:'col6'}}@media (min-width: 591px){.adaptive{content:'col9'}}@media (min-width: 1007px){.adaptive{content:'col12'}}@media (min-width: 1439px){.adaptive{content:'col15'}}.infobar{display:none}.customer-banner-container{height:60px;width:234px;background-color:white;border:1px solid #c9c9c9;text-align:center}.customer-banner.customer-banner--text{display:block;background-color:white;color:black;font-size:12px;line-height:15px;padding:14px 20px 14px 20px;text-align:center;height:58px;width:232px}.customer-banner-container .customer-banner__image{max-height:58px;max-width:232px}.customer-banner__header{display:block}.customer-banner__fake-link{color:#316C9D}.main{color:#505050}.citation{margin-top:1rem}.citation-source{color:#737373;font-size:12px}.authorTxt{font-size:1.1em;color:#252525}.citation-open-access{color:#e9711c}.index{padding-bottom:2.5rem}.page-container-overlay{background-color:#000;top:0;right:0;left:0;opacity:0;position:absolute;height:100%;z-index:10;display:none}.skipnav{text-align:left;font-size:.9em}.skipnav a{background-color:#fff;height:1px;left:-10000px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:1px}.skipnav a:focus,.skipnav a:active{height:auto;left:0;overflow:visible;text-decoration:underline;width:auto;z-index:9999}.homesearch{background-position:bottom;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;overflow:hidden}.homesearch-fullwidth{display:inline-table;width:100%}.homesearch-vertical-spacer{display:inline-block;height:400px;vertical-align:middle}.homesearch-content{display:block;padding:0;vertical-align:middle;white-space:normal;background-color:#f5f5f5}.homesearch-motd-content{padding:24px 8px 16px}.homesearch-motd-subtitle{font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;text-align:left}.homesearch-content-caption-container{position:relative;padding:0 8px}.homesearch-content-caption{font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;padding:16px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.75);color:white;white-space:normal}.homesearch-content-caption P:first-child{padding-bottom:16px}.homesearch-content-caption a{color:white;display:inline-block;border:2px solid white;font-size:18px;line-height:36px;height:40px;max-width:100%;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;padding:0 16px;transition:background-color .3s,border-color .3s,color .3s}.homesearch-content-caption a:hover,.homesearch-content-caption a:focus,.homesearch-content-caption a:active{background-color:#e9711c;border-color:#e9711c;text-decoration:none}.homesearch-content-border{position:absolute;bottom:64px;right:0px;width:100%;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;padding:0 24px}@media (max-width: 600px){.homesearch-content-border{padding:0 16px}}@media (min-width: 1120px){.homesearch-content-border{padding:0 32px}}@media (min-width: 576px){.homesearch-content-border{width:83%}}@media (min-width: 768px){.homesearch-content-border{width:66%}}@media (min-width: 992px){.homesearch-content-border{width:50%}}@media (min-width: 1200px){.homesearch-content-border{width:42%}}.flag-homepage-adjust-to-fit .homesearch-vertical-spacer{height:0}.homesearch-quick-content{padding:0 8px 28px}.homesearch-quick-row{display:table;width:100%}@media (min-width: 512px){.homesearch-quick-row{display:inline-table}.homesearch-quick-row.r1{width:27%}.homesearch-quick-row.r2{width:38%}.homesearch-quick-row.r3{width:35%}}.homesearch-quick-row>div{display:table-cell;padding-top:8px;vertical-align:top}.homesearch-quick-cell{float:left;padding-right:8px;padding-top:8px}.homesearch-quick-cell-all{width:100%}@media (min-width: 768px){.homesearch-quick-cell-all{width:50%}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.homesearch-quick-cell-all{width:24%}}.homesearch-quick-cell-author{width:45%}@media (min-width: 768px){.homesearch-quick-cell-author{width:50%}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.homesearch-quick-cell-author{width:17%}}.homesearch-quick-cell-srctitle{width:55%}@media (min-width: 768px){.homesearch-quick-cell-srctitle{width:40%}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.homesearch-quick-cell-srctitle{width:21%}}.homesearch-quick-cell-volumelist{width:30%}@media (min-width: 768px){.homesearch-quick-cell-volumelist{width:18%}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.homesearch-quick-cell-volumelist{width:12%}}.homesearch-quick-cell-issuelist{width:30%}@media (min-width: 768px){.homesearch-quick-cell-issuelist{width:18%}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.homesearch-quick-cell-issuelist{width:10%}}.homesearch-quick-cell-page-submit{padding-right:48px;position:relative;width:40%}@media (min-width: 768px){.homesearch-quick-cell-page-submit{width:24%}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.homesearch-quick-cell-page-submit{width:16%}}.homesearch-quick-cell-page{padding:0;width:100%}.homesearch-quick-cell-submit{position:absolute;padding:0;right:8px;width:32px}.flag-quicksearch-lite .homesearch-quick-spacer{display:inline-block;width:256px}.flag-quicksearch-lite .homesearch-quick-cell-all{width:100%}@media (min-width: 768px){.flag-quicksearch-lite .homesearch-quick-cell-all{width:33%}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.flag-quicksearch-lite .homesearch-quick-cell-all{width:33%}}.flag-quicksearch-lite .homesearch-quick-cell-author{width:41%}@media (min-width: 768px){.flag-quicksearch-lite .homesearch-quick-cell-author{width:33%}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.flag-quicksearch-lite .homesearch-quick-cell-author{width:33%}}.flag-quicksearch-lite .homesearch-quick-cell-srctitle{padding:0;width:100%}.flag-quicksearch-lite .homesearch-quick-cell-srctitle-submit{padding-right:40px;position:relative;width:59%}@media (min-width: 768px){.flag-quicksearch-lite .homesearch-quick-cell-srctitle-submit{width:34%}}@media (min-width: 1024px){.flag-quicksearch-lite .homesearch-quick-cell-srctitle-submit{width:34%}}.flag-quicksearch-lite .homesearch-quick-cell-submit{position:absolute;padding:0;right:0;width:32px}.homesearch-quick-form{display:block}.homesearch-quick-advanced{clear:both;padding-top:16px;text-align:left;vertical-align:text-bottom}.homesearch-quick input{-webkit-appearance:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:0 0;font-size:14px;height:32px}.homesearch-quick input[type="text"]{border:1px solid #c9c9c9;padding:0 8px 0 6px;width:100%}.homesearch-quick input[type="submit"]{background-color:#007398;background-size:cover;border:0;padding:0;vertical-align:top;width:32px;-webkit-transition:background-color .3s ease;-o-transition:background-color .3s ease;transition:background-color .3s ease;color:transparent}.homesearch-quick input[type="submit"]:hover{cursor:pointer}.homesearch-quick input[type="submit"]:hover,.homesearch-quick input[type="submit"]:focus{background-color:#e9711c}.browse{border-top:1px solid #c9c9c9;position:relative}.browse-super-category-bar{position:relative}.browse-quicklinks{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #c9c9c9;font-size:16px;line-height:1.25;height:auto;overflow:hidden;will-change:top;position:absolute;width:100%;bottom:0px}.browse-quicklinks.fixed{bottom:inherit;left:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;z-index:1}.browse-quicklinks.fixed .homesearch-motd-title{display:none}.browse-quicklinks-fullwidth{height:48px;line-height:48px;padding-right:8px;padding-left:8px;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;position:relative}.browse-quicklinks-item{display:inline-block;text-align:left}@media (min-width: 900px){.browse-quicklinks-item{display:inline-block;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap}}.browse-quicklinks-links{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap}.browse-quicklinks-item+.browse-quicklinks-item{margin-left:24px}.browse-quicklinks-item a{display:inline-block}.browse-quicklinks-item .current{color:#323232}.browse-quicklinks-arrows{background-color:#fff;display:none;height:48px;position:absolute;width:32px;-webkit-transform:translateZ(0);transform:translateZ(0)}.browse-quicklinks-scrollable .browse-quicklinks-arrows{display:block}.browse-quicklinks-scrollable .browse-quicklinks-fullwidth{margin-left:40px;margin-right:40px;padding:0}.browse-quicklinks-rewind{left:16px;box-shadow:4px 0 4px #fff;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTYiIGhlaWdodD0iMTYiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNiAxNiIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNMTEuMzgxIDBsLTguNDQ4IDggOC40NDggOCAxLjMzLTEuMjYtNy4xMTctNi43NCA3LjExNy02Ljc0LTEuMzMtMS4yNnoiIGZpbGw9IiMwMDczOTgiLz48L3N2Zz4K")}.browse-quicklinks-forward{right:16px;box-shadow:-4px 0 4px #fff;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTYiIGhlaWdodD0iMTYiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxNiAxNiIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNNC40NTIgMGwtMS4yNiAxLjI2MSA2LjczOSA2LjczOS02LjczOSA2Ljc0IDEuMjYgMS4yNiA4LTgtOC04eiIgZmlsbD0iIzAwNzM5OCIvPjwvc3ZnPgo=")}@media (max-width: 600px){.browse-quicklinks-rewind{left:8px}.browse-quicklinks-forward{right:8px}}.homesearch-motd-title{font-size:24px;line-height:36px;margin-top:24px;text-align:left;padding:0 8px 48px 8px}.browse-subject{border-bottom:1px solid #c9c9c9;padding:2rem 0rem 1rem 0rem}@media (min-width: 591px){.browse-subject{padding-bottom:2rem}}@media (min-width: 900px){.browse-subject{padding-bottom:2rem;padding-top:2rem}}.browse-subject-title{padding:0 0.5rem}@media (min-width: 591px){.browse-subject-title{padding:0 0.5rem}}.browse-subject-tree{padding:0 0.5rem}@media (min-width: 591px){.browse-subject-tree{float:left;width:33.333%}}@media (min-width: 1007px){.browse-subject-tree{width:25%}}@media (min-width: 591px){.browse-subject-preview{float:left;width:55.555%}}@media (min-width: 1007px){.browse-subject-preview{width:66.666%}}.browse-subject-summary{margin-top:1.5rem;padding:0 0.5rem}@media (min-width: 591px){.browse-subject-summary{padding:0 0.5rem}}@media (min-width: 1007px){.browse-subject-summary{width:75%}}.browse-subject-latest,.browse-subject-popular{padding:0 0.5rem}@media (min-width: 591px){.browse-subject-latest,.browse-subject-popular{padding:0 0.5rem;width:100%}}@media (min-width: 1007px){.browse-subject-latest,.browse-subject-popular{float:left;width:50%}}.browse-subject-subtitle{color:#323232;margin-top:2rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.browse-subject-subsubjects{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1rem;margin-top:1.5rem}.browse-subject-subsubject{margin-top:0.25rem}.browse-subject-more{font-size:0.875rem;margin-top:1rem}.citation-title{white-space:nowrap;width:100%;line-height:0.95rem}.browse-subject-popular .citation-title-type{display:inline;padding-left:10px}.browse-subject-popular .citation-title-spacer,.browse-subject-popular .citation-title-open-access{display:inline;vertical-align:top;padding-right:15px}.browse-subject-preview .citation-title-text{text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;max-width:100%;padding-right:5px}.browse-subject-popular .citation-title-text-type{width:70%}@media (min-width: 1200px){.browse-subject-popular .citation-title-text-type{width:73%}}@media (max-width: 591px){.browse-subject-popular .citation-title-text-type{width:80%}}.index{padding-left:8px;padding-right:8px}.index-title{display:block;margin-top:2.5rem;vertical-align:top}@media (min-width: 591px){.index-title{float:left;width:33.333%}}@media (min-width: 1007px){.index-title{width:25%}}.index-list{display:block;margin-top:1rem;padding-left:0rem;margin-right:-4px}@media (min-width: 591px){.index-list{float:left;display:inline-block;margin-top:2.5rem;padding-left:0}}@media (min-width: 591px){.index-list{width:66.666%}}@media (min-width: 1007px){.index-list{width:75%}}.index-item{display:inline}@media (min-width: 591px){.index-item{white-space:nowrap}.index-item:nth-child(13),.index-item:nth-child(26){white-space:normal}}.index-item .letter{display:inline-block;text-align:center;width:1.5rem}.index-item .other{display:inline-block;padding:0 0.375rem}.openaccess{background-image:url("../images/openaccess2xs.jpg");background-position:right bottom;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;border-bottom:1px solid #c9c9c9}.openaccess-fullwidth{position:relative}.openaccess-content{border-bottom:0.25rem solid #e9711c;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.85);margin:2rem 0.5rem 3rem;padding:1rem 0.5rem}@media (min-width: 591px){.openaccess-content{margin:4rem 11.111%;padding:2rem 11.111%}}@media (min-width: 1007px){.openaccess-content{margin:4rem 16.666%;padding:2rem 8.333%}}.openaccess-count{color:#e9711c;font-weight:800}.openaccess-title{padding:0 0.5rem}.openaccess-para{margin-top:1rem;padding:0 0.5rem}.openaccess-links{margin-top:1rem;padding:0 0.5rem}.extra{padding-bottom:0.5rem}.extra-title{color:#323232;margin-top:2.5rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.extra-column{padding-left:0.5rem;padding-right:0.5rem}.extra-social{border-top:2px solid #ebebeb;height:64px;margin:40px -24px -2px;text-align:right;padding-right:24px}@media (min-width: 591px){.extra-column{float:left;width:44.444%}}@media (min-width: 1007px){.extra-column{width:22.222%}}@media (min-width: 1007px){.extra-column{width:25%}}.extra-para{margin-top:1rem}.extra-list{margin-top:1rem}.social a:first-child{margin-left:0px}.social a:hover{text-decoration:none}.social a{margin-left:15px}@media (min-width: 1007px){.social a{margin-left:10px}}@media (min-width: 591px){.social a{margin-left:8px}}.extra svg{height:1.5rem}.extra path{fill:#969696}.footer{background-color:#f1f1f1;border:1px solid #c9c9c9;clear:both;margin-top:2rem;padding:2.5rem 0}.footer-info{display:table;margin-bottom:1rem;padding:0 0.5rem;width:100%}.footer-links{display:table-cell}.footer-links-item{margin-right:1.5rem}@media (min-width: 591px){.footer-links-item{float:left}}.footer-links-item:last-child{margin-right:0}.footer-elsevier{display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5rem;text-align:right;vertical-align:top;width:33.333%}@media (min-width: 591px){.footer-elsevier{padding-right:2rem;width:22.222%}}@media (min-width: 1007px){.footer-elsevier{width:16.666%}}.footer-copyright,.footer-cookie{padding-left:0.5rem;padding-right:0.5rem}/*! jQuery UI - v1.11.4 - 2015-08-12
* http://jqueryui.com
* Includes: core.css, autocomplete.css, menu.css, selectmenu.css, theme.css
* To view and modify this theme, visit http://jqueryui.com/themeroller/?ffDefault=Verdana%2CArial%2Csans-serif&fwDefault=normal&fsDefault=1.1em&cornerRadius=4px&bgColorHeader=cccccc&bgTextureHeader=highlight_soft&bgImgOpacityHeader=75&borderColorHeader=aaaaaa&fcHeader=222222&iconColorHeader=222222&bgColorContent=ffffff&bgTextureContent=flat&bgImgOpacityContent=75&borderColorContent=aaaaaa&fcContent=222222&iconColorContent=222222&bgColorDefault=e6e6e6&bgTextureDefault=glass&bgImgOpacityDefault=75&borderColorDefault=d3d3d3&fcDefault=555555&iconColorDefault=888888&bgColorHover=dadada&bgTextureHover=glass&bgImgOpacityHover=75&borderColorHover=999999&fcHover=212121&iconColorHover=454545&bgColorActive=ffffff&bgTextureActive=glass&bgImgOpacityActive=65&borderColorActive=aaaaaa&fcActive=212121&iconColorActive=454545&bgColorHighlight=fbf9ee&bgTextureHighlight=glass&bgImgOpacityHighlight=55&borderColorHighlight=fcefa1&fcHighlight=363636&iconColorHighlight=2e83ff&bgColorError=fef1ec&bgTextureError=glass&bgImgOpacityError=95&borderColorError=cd0a0a&fcError=cd0a0a&iconColorError=cd0a0a&bgColorOverlay=aaaaaa&bgTextureOverlay=flat&bgImgOpacityOverlay=0&opacityOverlay=30&bgColorShadow=aaaaaa&bgTextureShadow=flat&bgImgOpacityShadow=0&opacityShadow=30&thicknessShadow=8px&offsetTopShadow=-8px&offsetLeftShadow=-8px&cornerRadiusShadow=8px
* Copyright 2015 jQuery Foundation and other contributors; Licensed MIT */.ui-helper-hidden{display:none}.ui-helper-hidden-accessible{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}.ui-helper-reset{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;outline:0;line-height:1.3;text-decoration:none;font-size:100%;list-style:none}.ui-helper-clearfix:before,.ui-helper-clearfix:after{content:"";display:table;border-collapse:collapse}.ui-helper-clearfix:after{clear:both}.ui-helper-clearfix{min-height:0}.ui-helper-zfix{width:100%;height:100%;top:0;left:0;position:absolute;opacity:0;filter:Alpha(Opacity=0)}.ui-front{z-index:100}.ui-state-disabled{cursor:default !important}.ui-icon{display:block;text-indent:-99999px;overflow:hidden;background-repeat:no-repeat}.ui-widget-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%}.ui-autocomplete{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;cursor:default}.ui-menu{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0;display:block;outline:none}.ui-menu .ui-menu{position:absolute}.ui-menu .ui-menu-item{position:relative;margin:0;padding:3px 1em 3px .4em;cursor:pointer;min-height:0;list-style-image:url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7")}.ui-menu .ui-menu-divider{margin:5px 0;height:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0}.ui-menu .ui-state-focus,.ui-menu .ui-state-active{margin:-1px}.ui-menu-icons{position:relative}.ui-menu-icons .ui-menu-item{padding-left:2em}.ui-menu .ui-icon{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:.2em;margin:auto 0}.ui-menu .ui-menu-icon{left:auto;right:0}.ui-selectmenu-menu{padding:0;margin:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;display:none}.ui-selectmenu-menu .ui-menu{overflow:auto;overflow-x:hidden;padding-bottom:1px}.ui-selectmenu-menu .ui-menu .ui-selectmenu-optgroup{font-size:1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5;padding:2px 0.4em;margin:0.5em 0 0 0;height:auto;border:0}.ui-selectmenu-open{display:block}.ui-selectmenu-button{display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;position:relative;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer}.ui-selectmenu-button span.ui-icon{right:0.5em;left:auto;margin-top:-8px;position:absolute;top:50%}.ui-selectmenu-button span.ui-selectmenu-text{text-align:left;padding:0.4em 2.1em 0.4em 1em;display:block;line-height:1.4;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.ui-widget{font-family:inherit;font-size:.875rem}.ui-widget .ui-widget{font-size:1em}.ui-widget input,.ui-widget select,.ui-widget textarea,.ui-widget button{font-family:Verdana,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1em}.ui-widget-content{border:1px solid #aaaaaa;background:#fff url("../images/ui-bg_flat_75_ffffff_40x100.png") 50% 50% repeat-x;color:#222222}.ui-widget-content a{color:#222222}.ui-widget-header{border:1px solid #aaaaaa;background:#ccc url("../images/ui-bg_highlight-soft_75_cccccc_1x100.png") 50% 50% repeat-x;color:#222222;font-weight:bold}.ui-widget-header a{color:#222222}.ui-state-default,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-default,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-default{border:1px solid #d3d3d3;background:#e6e6e6 url("../images/ui-bg_glass_75_e6e6e6_1x400.png") 50% 50% repeat-x;font-weight:normal;color:#555555}.ui-state-default a,.ui-state-default a:link,.ui-state-default a:visited{color:#555555;text-decoration:none}.ui-state-hover,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-hover,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-hover,.ui-state-focus,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-focus,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-focus{border:1px solid #999999;background:#dadada url("../images/ui-bg_glass_75_dadada_1x400.png") 50% 50% repeat-x;font-weight:normal;color:#212121}.ui-state-hover a,.ui-state-hover a:hover,.ui-state-hover a:link,.ui-state-hover a:visited,.ui-state-focus a,.ui-state-focus a:hover,.ui-state-focus a:link,.ui-state-focus a:visited{color:#212121;text-decoration:none}.ui-state-active,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-active,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-active{border:1px solid #aaaaaa;background:#fff url("../images/ui-bg_glass_65_ffffff_1x400.png") 50% 50% repeat-x;font-weight:normal;color:#212121}.ui-state-active a,.ui-state-active a:link,.ui-state-active a:visited{color:#212121;text-decoration:none}.ui-state-highlight,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-highlight,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-highlight{border:1px solid #fcefa1;background:#fbf9ee url("../images/ui-bg_glass_55_fbf9ee_1x400.png") 50% 50% repeat-x;color:#363636}.ui-state-highlight a,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-highlight a,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-highlight a{color:#363636}.ui-state-error,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-error,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-error{border:1px solid #cd0a0a;background:#fef1ec url("../images/ui-bg_glass_95_fef1ec_1x400.png") 50% 50% repeat-x;color:#cd0a0a}.ui-state-error a,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-error a,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-error a{color:#cd0a0a}.ui-state-error-text,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-error-text,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-error-text{color:#cd0a0a}.ui-priority-primary,.ui-widget-content .ui-priority-primary,.ui-widget-header .ui-priority-primary{font-weight:bold}.ui-priority-secondary,.ui-widget-content .ui-priority-secondary,.ui-widget-header .ui-priority-secondary{opacity:.7;filter:Alpha(Opacity=70);font-weight:normal}.ui-state-disabled,.ui-widget-content .ui-state-disabled,.ui-widget-header .ui-state-disabled{opacity:.35;filter:Alpha(Opacity=35);background-image:none}.ui-state-disabled .ui-icon{filter:Alpha(Opacity=35)}.ui-icon{width:16px;height:16px}.ui-icon,.ui-widget-content .ui-icon{background-image:url("../images/ui-icons_222222_256x240.png")}.ui-widget-header .ui-icon{background-image:url("../images/ui-icons_222222_256x240.png")}.ui-state-default .ui-icon{background-image:url("../images/ui-icons_888888_256x240.png")}.ui-state-hover .ui-icon,.ui-state-focus .ui-icon{background-image:url("../images/ui-icons_454545_256x240.png")}.ui-state-active .ui-icon{background-image:url("../images/ui-icons_454545_256x240.png")}.ui-state-highlight .ui-icon{background-image:url("../images/ui-icons_2e83ff_256x240.png")}.ui-state-error .ui-icon,.ui-state-error-text .ui-icon{background-image:url("../images/ui-icons_cd0a0a_256x240.png")}.ui-icon-blank{background-position:16px 16px}.ui-icon-carat-1-n{background-position:0 0}.ui-icon-carat-1-ne{background-position:-16px 0}.ui-icon-carat-1-e{background-position:-32px 0}.ui-icon-carat-1-se{background-position:-48px 0}.ui-icon-carat-1-s{background-position:-64px 0}.ui-icon-carat-1-sw{background-position:-80px 0}.ui-icon-carat-1-w{background-position:-96px 0}.ui-icon-carat-1-nw{background-position:-112px 0}.ui-icon-carat-2-n-s{background-position:-128px 0}.ui-icon-carat-2-e-w{background-position:-144px 0}.ui-icon-triangle-1-n{background-position:0 -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-ne{background-position:-16px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-e{background-position:-32px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-se{background-position:-48px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-s{background-position:-64px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-sw{background-position:-80px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-w{background-position:-96px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-1-nw{background-position:-112px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-2-n-s{background-position:-128px -16px}.ui-icon-triangle-2-e-w{background-position:-144px -16px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-n{background-position:0 -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-ne{background-position:-16px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-e{background-position:-32px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-se{background-position:-48px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-s{background-position:-64px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-sw{background-position:-80px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-w{background-position:-96px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-1-nw{background-position:-112px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-2-n-s{background-position:-128px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-2-ne-sw{background-position:-144px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-2-e-w{background-position:-160px -32px}.ui-icon-arrow-2-se-nw{background-position:-176px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowstop-1-n{background-position:-192px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowstop-1-e{background-position:-208px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowstop-1-s{background-position:-224px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowstop-1-w{background-position:-240px -32px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-n{background-position:0 -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-ne{background-position:-16px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-e{background-position:-32px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-se{background-position:-48px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-s{background-position:-64px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-sw{background-position:-80px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-w{background-position:-96px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-1-nw{background-position:-112px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-2-n-s{background-position:-128px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-2-ne-sw{background-position:-144px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-2-e-w{background-position:-160px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthick-2-se-nw{background-position:-176px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthickstop-1-n{background-position:-192px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthickstop-1-e{background-position:-208px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthickstop-1-s{background-position:-224px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowthickstop-1-w{background-position:-240px -48px}.ui-icon-arrowreturnthick-1-w{background-position:0 -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturnthick-1-n{background-position:-16px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturnthick-1-e{background-position:-32px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturnthick-1-s{background-position:-48px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturn-1-w{background-position:-64px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturn-1-n{background-position:-80px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturn-1-e{background-position:-96px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowreturn-1-s{background-position:-112px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowrefresh-1-w{background-position:-128px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowrefresh-1-n{background-position:-144px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowrefresh-1-e{background-position:-160px -64px}.ui-icon-arrowrefresh-1-s{background-position:-176px -64px}.ui-icon-arrow-4{background-position:0 -80px}.ui-icon-arrow-4-diag{background-position:-16px -80px}.ui-icon-extlink{background-position:-32px -80px}.ui-icon-newwin{background-position:-48px -80px}.ui-icon-refresh{background-position:-64px -80px}.ui-icon-shuffle{background-position:-80px -80px}.ui-icon-transfer-e-w{background-position:-96px -80px}.ui-icon-transferthick-e-w{background-position:-112px -80px}.ui-icon-folder-collapsed{background-position:0 -96px}.ui-icon-folder-open{background-position:-16px -96px}.ui-icon-document{background-position:-32px -96px}.ui-icon-document-b{background-position:-48px -96px}.ui-icon-note{background-position:-64px -96px}.ui-icon-mail-closed{background-position:-80px -96px}.ui-icon-mail-open{background-position:-96px -96px}.ui-icon-suitcase{background-position:-112px -96px}.ui-icon-comment{background-position:-128px -96px}.ui-icon-person{background-position:-144px -96px}.ui-icon-print{background-position:-160px -96px}.ui-icon-trash{background-position:-176px -96px}.ui-icon-locked{background-position:-192px -96px}.ui-icon-unlocked{background-position:-208px -96px}.ui-icon-bookmark{background-position:-224px -96px}.ui-icon-tag{background-position:-240px -96px}.ui-icon-home{background-position:0 -112px}.ui-icon-flag{background-position:-16px -112px}.ui-icon-calendar{background-position:-32px -112px}.ui-icon-cart{background-position:-48px -112px}.ui-icon-pencil{background-position:-64px -112px}.ui-icon-clock{background-position:-80px -112px}.ui-icon-disk{background-position:-96px -112px}.ui-icon-calculator{background-position:-112px -112px}.ui-icon-zoomin{background-position:-128px -112px}.ui-icon-zoomout{background-position:-144px -112px}.ui-icon-search{background-position:-160px -112px}.ui-icon-wrench{background-position:-176px -112px}.ui-icon-gear{background-position:-192px -112px}.ui-icon-heart{background-position:-208px -112px}.ui-icon-star{background-position:-224px -112px}.ui-icon-link{background-position:-240px -112px}.ui-icon-cancel{background-position:0 -128px}.ui-icon-plus{background-position:-16px -128px}.ui-icon-plusthick{background-position:-32px -128px}.ui-icon-minus{background-position:-48px -128px}.ui-icon-minusthick{background-position:-64px -128px}.ui-icon-close{background-position:-80px -128px}.ui-icon-closethick{background-position:-96px -128px}.ui-icon-key{background-position:-112px -128px}.ui-icon-lightbulb{background-position:-128px -128px}.ui-icon-scissors{background-position:-144px -128px}.ui-icon-clipboard{background-position:-160px -128px}.ui-icon-copy{background-position:-176px -128px}.ui-icon-contact{background-position:-192px -128px}.ui-icon-image{background-position:-208px -128px}.ui-icon-video{background-position:-224px -128px}.ui-icon-script{background-position:-240px -128px}.ui-icon-alert{background-position:0 -144px}.ui-icon-info{background-position:-16px -144px}.ui-icon-notice{background-position:-32px -144px}.ui-icon-help{background-position:-48px -144px}.ui-icon-check{background-position:-64px -144px}.ui-icon-bullet{background-position:-80px -144px}.ui-icon-radio-on{background-position:-96px -144px}.ui-icon-radio-off{background-position:-112px -144px}.ui-icon-pin-w{background-position:-128px -144px}.ui-icon-pin-s{background-position:-144px -144px}.ui-icon-play{background-position:0 -160px}.ui-icon-pause{background-position:-16px -160px}.ui-icon-seek-next{background-position:-32px -160px}.ui-icon-seek-prev{background-position:-48px -160px}.ui-icon-seek-end{background-position:-64px -160px}.ui-icon-seek-start{background-position:-80px -160px}.ui-icon-seek-first{background-position:-80px -160px}.ui-icon-stop{background-position:-96px -160px}.ui-icon-eject{background-position:-112px -160px}.ui-icon-volume-off{background-position:-128px -160px}.ui-icon-volume-on{background-position:-144px -160px}.ui-icon-power{background-position:0 -176px}.ui-icon-signal-diag{background-position:-16px -176px}.ui-icon-signal{background-position:-32px -176px}.ui-icon-battery-0{background-position:-48px -176px}.ui-icon-battery-1{background-position:-64px -176px}.ui-icon-battery-2{background-position:-80px -176px}.ui-icon-battery-3{background-position:-96px -176px}.ui-icon-circle-plus{background-position:0 -192px}.ui-icon-circle-minus{background-position:-16px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-close{background-position:-32px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-triangle-e{background-position:-48px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-triangle-s{background-position:-64px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-triangle-w{background-position:-80px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-triangle-n{background-position:-96px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-arrow-e{background-position:-112px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-arrow-s{background-position:-128px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-arrow-w{background-position:-144px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-arrow-n{background-position:-160px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-zoomin{background-position:-176px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-zoomout{background-position:-192px -192px}.ui-icon-circle-check{background-position:-208px -192px}.ui-icon-circlesmall-plus{background-position:0 -208px}.ui-icon-circlesmall-minus{background-position:-16px -208px}.ui-icon-circlesmall-close{background-position:-32px -208px}.ui-icon-squaresmall-plus{background-position:-48px -208px}.ui-icon-squaresmall-minus{background-position:-64px -208px}.ui-icon-squaresmall-close{background-position:-80px -208px}.ui-icon-grip-dotted-vertical{background-position:0 -224px}.ui-icon-grip-dotted-horizontal{background-position:-16px -224px}.ui-icon-grip-solid-vertical{background-position:-32px -224px}.ui-icon-grip-solid-horizontal{background-position:-48px -224px}.ui-icon-gripsmall-diagonal-se{background-position:-64px -224px}.ui-icon-grip-diagonal-se{background-position:-80px -224px}.ui-corner-all,.ui-corner-top,.ui-corner-left,.ui-corner-tl{border-top-left-radius:4px}.ui-corner-all,.ui-corner-top,.ui-corner-right,.ui-corner-tr{border-top-right-radius:4px}.ui-corner-all,.ui-corner-bottom,.ui-corner-left,.ui-corner-bl{border-bottom-left-radius:4px}.ui-corner-all,.ui-corner-bottom,.ui-corner-right,.ui-corner-br{border-bottom-right-radius:4px}.ui-widget-overlay{background:#aaa url("../images/ui-bg_flat_0_aaaaaa_40x100.png") 50% 50% repeat-x;opacity:.3;filter:Alpha(Opacity=30)}.ui-widget-shadow{margin:-8px 0 0 -8px;padding:8px;background:#aaa url("../images/ui-bg_flat_0_aaaaaa_40x100.png") 50% 50% repeat-x;opacity:.3;filter:Alpha(Opacity=30);border-radius:8px}